The Remedy Role of Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. In this study we appreciated the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the serum of children with diverse grade perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (PHIE) in acute and retrieval periods. A higher level of BDNF is associated to a better protection of brain against destruction, maintains the neuronal survival and di\ufb00 erentiation.The low BDNF level in serum of newborns with PHIE constitutes an objective criterion in prognostic of neuropsychical and motor disabilities. In severe PHIE the processes of neurogenesis aredecompensated and the cortical neurons are not protected against destruction. In this case, the low BDNF level is not su\ufb03cient to maintain e\ufb03ciently the processes of neurotrophicity and neuroregeneration. Administration of an excess of neurotrophic factor protects sensible cerebral tissues against hypoxic-ischemic injuries.<\/p>\n
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ACTUALITY OF THE THEME<\/h2>\n
Neuropsychical pathology (npp) represents one of the most frequent causes of invalidation in children from Republic of Moldova. Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury (PHIE) constitutes the most important cause of invalidity and infantile mortality because of its consequences on the central neural system (CNS) [4, 6, 13, and 23].They have estimated that 2 to 4 % of in term newborns (n.b) present hypoxia during birth or shortly before birth [23].<\/p>\n
After years of experimental research on animals with a series of pharmacological agents (free radical synthesis inhibitors and free radical sweepers,antagonists of glutamate-type amino acid excitators,blockers of calcium canals, inhibitors of nitric oxide),glucocorticoids, Phenobarbital, they have shown the ine\ufb03ciency of the latest in prevention and treatment of secondary cerebral injuries PHIE.Hereby, the most important problem of neonatology and neuropediatry remains unsolved [8, 21, 23, 26].<\/p>\n
At the present time, number of studies con\ufb01 rms the role of neurotrophic factors in the maintenance of neurotrophicity in hypoxic-ischemic injuries of the brain [3, 21, 26]. Though, till now, no estimative clinical studies regarding neurotrophic disorders correlated with PHIE have been done.<\/p>\n
The experimental studies on neurotrophic factors are leading the fundamental researches in neurobiology. Experimental results on animals and cells\u2019 cultures have shown that these factors have marvelous e\ufb00ects with perspectives of therapeutic application in the near future [21].<\/p>\n
The present study represents an important scienti\ufb01c value due to the actuality of the broached direction, therapeutic and prophylactic perspectives in the treatment of child neurologic pathology. The physicians will be able to use the obtained results in order to see more clearly the injury mechanisms of PHIE.<\/p>\n
Study objectives<\/strong>: assessment of BDNF level in the serum of children with diverse grade perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injuries in acute and recovery periods. The study will con\ufb01rm the neuroprotective, neurotrophic, neuroregenerative, neurometabolic roles and the therapeutic and prophylactic perspectives of BDNF.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 182 children aged from 7 days to 12 months (studylot \u2013 st.lt), that su\ufb00ered from diverse grade perinatalhypoxic-ischemic injuries of the CNS were investigated. The allotment in sub lots (sbl.) according to ageand clinic diagnostic: 7 days \u2013 1 month (nr. 46) children with PHIE acute period (PHIE gr.I \/ sbl.I \u2013 nr.16, PHIE gr.II \/ sbl.II \u2013 nr. 15, PHIE gr.III \/ sbl.III Children with intrauterine infections, metabolic and toxic encephalopathies, and congenital brain malformations were excluded from the study.<\/p>\n In conformity to the established goals, children from each lot passed the clinical, functional and laboratory investigations. The neurological statute was assessed at children aged 7 days \u2013 12 months with a periodicity of 3 months. The anamnesis was collected in order to assess the dynamic of motor (mt.) and neuropsychical (nrps.) acquisitions. We appreciated the following domains: cognition, expressive language,receptive language, \ufb01ne motricity, gross motricity, etc.An age-related scale of evaluation of the development degree of nrps and mt was elaborated \u2013 tests, appreciated with 1, 2, 3 and 4 points. Performance acquisitions according to age \u2013 4 points (pt.); I grade performance di\ufb03culties \u2013 3 pt., II grade \u2013 2 pt., III grade Transfontanelar NSG, EEG and brain TC were done in the dynamics of the \ufb01rst year of life.<\/p>\n The plasma and BDNF level from the serum of the two lots of children were studied. Laboratory examinations were e\ufb00ectuated on the immunological analyzer STAT FAX-303 by the immunoenzymatic analysis method (ELIZA). Statistical procedures were e\ufb00ectuated on the personal computer IBM PC using the software STATISTICA 6.0. The t Student criterion was used to appreciate the level of di\ufb00erentiations between the average values.<\/p>\n The documentation of antecedents was e\ufb00 ectuated in order to obtain a more correct diagnose. 87% from st.lt. were children with an unfavorable obstetrical anamnesis, 28% of whom su\ufb00ered during birth. The most frequent maternal a\ufb00ections during pregnancy were: gestational toxemia (59%), anemia (62%), arterial hypertension (38%). We have noted that the most frequent pathology of the labor and expulsion, like:insu\ufb03ciency of contraction forces, procidence of cordon, di\ufb03cult extraction were met in 37% of cases. We noted peri- and intrapartum precedents in only 2% of ctrl.gr. (p < 0,01).<\/p>\n Likewise, fetal pathology may be a provocative factor of hypoxic-ischemic injury su\ufb00 ering. We noted at children from st.lt.: premature birth (23%), cord congenital diseases (4%), hemolytic anemia (8%), hyperbilirubinemia (12%). The low Apgar score allowed us to appreciate n.b\u2019s statute and a suspicion of a fetal su\ufb00erance in the st.lt (67%) in comparison to ctrl.gr.(4%). Neurological symptoms had lasted during the 2-4 weeks of life at children from st.lt. (see\u00a0tab. 1<\/strong>).<\/p>\n Table 1.<\/strong>\u00a0PHIE symptoms in acute period at children from st.lt<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Clinical manifestation at children with PHIE had ameliorated by the age of 2 weeks-one month,according to the degree of the hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury. Cerebral functions had remained severelya\ufb00ected in the di\ufb03 cult forms of PHIE. Children from sbl. II and III were presenting severe neurological syndromes during the retrieval period. In order to screen the nrps. and mt. development the re\ufb02 exes (rf ) of CNS morphofunctional development were assessed: rf of extension of superior limbs, heel rf, rf of vertical maintenance, supra pubic extensor rf, crossed extension rf, Galant rf, Moro rf, cervical tonic rf, hand grasping rf, plantar grasping re\ufb02 ex. Re\ufb02 exes of development have an important clinical signi\ufb01 cation in the assessment of CNS maturation, presenting very often the locating value of injuries. Positive rf at corresponding age gained 4 pts., rf. present at the time when it should disappear \u2013 3 pts., present 3 months after the time when it should disappear \u2013 2 pts., present after 6 months \u2013 1 pt. The pathologic response of three primitive re\ufb02exes represents valuable information to forecast the nrps and mt de\ufb01 cits. Motor acquisitions were evaluated: maintenance of the head, rotation from belly to back, rotation from back to belly, sitting with support, crawling, pace. Normal motor performances\u2019 development was quanti\ufb01 ed with 4 pts., 2 months delay \u2013 3 pts., 4 months \u2013 2 pts., 6 months and more \u2013 1 pt. Non acquisition of motor performances at the physiological age suggested the idea of a severeneurological su\ufb00erance and, respectively, the retention of CSN maturational process. Children with PHIE from gr.II presented in 4% of cases, and those from gr.III \u2013 in 38%: MTD, anomalies of developmental re\ufb02exes, non acquisition of nrps and mt performances at physiological age. We observed that nrps and mt developmental indexes of sbl.I were diminished insigni\ufb01cantly by the end of retrieval period in comparison to ctrl.gr. (p<0,01). The most diminished indexes were appreciated in sbl. PHIE-II (p<0,05) and \u2013III (p<0,1), in comparison to ctrl.gr.<\/p>\n Present day studies con\ufb01 rm the neuroprotective role of neurotrophic factors on CNS and peripheral.In the present study we assessed BDNF levels in the serum of children with diverse grade PHIE. The obtained results are presented in Table 2.<\/p>\n BDNF level was assessed in st.lt and ctrl.gr. A statistically important variation of BDNF was established in the ctrl.gr.: 1001,8 pg\/ml (at n.b.) and 1011,9 pg\/ml (between 6 and 12 months), minimal value \u2013 989 pg\/ml (at n.b.), maximal value \u2013 1021,7 pg\/ml (between 6-12 months). The threshold of this sub lot had stable values increasing only with 0.99%.Thus, it was con\ufb01rmed that in the period of growth of the healthy child BDNF is the neurotrophin responsible for a normal nervous system development (see tab. 2).<\/p>\n It was established that in sbl.I the average BDNFlevel was smaller in comparison to ctrl.gr and it varied between 945,6 pg\/ml (at n.b.) and 973,4 pg\/ml(between 6-12 months), minimal level was 919,2 pg\/ml (n.b.), and the maximal \u2013 991.2 pg\/ml (between6-12 months). The threshold of this sub lot constitutesp<0,05, p<0,1. The BDNF level in sbl.I (6-12 months)increased with 2,7% by the age of 1 year old in comparison o sbl.I (n.b.) and was 38,5 pg\/ml (3,8%) morediminished in comparison to ctrl.gr. The statisticallysigni\ufb01cant variation between the minimal and maximallevel at newborns constituted +26,4 pg\/ml, and at the age of 6-12 months +18,7 pg\/ml. The BDNF valuesat children from sbl.I approached indexes of healthychildren. BDNF level from the serum of sbl.I was 3,8%smaller in camparison to ctrl.gr. (see\u00a0table 2<\/strong>).<\/p>\n Table 2.<\/strong>\u00a0BDNF level in serum of children with diverse grade PHIE, at di\ufb00erent ages, M+m<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Neuropsychical and motor developmental levels in sbl.I were assessed in conformity to the scale: with 3 (6% of cases) and 4 (94%) points. Neuropsychical abilities were mildly a\ufb00ected at 4% of children. BDNF level in children under 12 months old increased approaching indexes on children from ctrl.gr. There was observed a quick amelioration of EEG and imagistic interpretations. Neurological disorders would be functional in children with insigni\ufb01 cantly diminished BDNF levels. An important statistical variation between the average levels of BDNF (p<0,01) in children from sbl.I and ctrl.gr was observed. By the age of 1 year the neurological after effects were minor in sbl.I. Neurologic syndrome of these children would ameliorate rapidly after the administration of neuroprotectors at precocious stages.<\/p>\n Thus, it was con\ufb01rmed that BDNF protects cortical neurons from destruction and ameliorates the neuroplasticity.<\/p>\n We assessed that in sbl.II the average level of BDNF was lower in comparison to ctrl.gr. and it varied between 863,1 pg\/ml (n.b.) and 879,9 pg\/ml (between 6-12 months), minimal level was 821,3 pg\/ml,and the maximum \u2013 932, 6 pg\/ml (6-12 months).The threshold of BDNF in sbl.II constituted p<0,1. In sbl.II, BDNF increases with 1,89% by the age of 1 year old in comparison to sbl.II (n.b.), being with 132,1 pg\/ml (13.05%) lower than the ctrl.gr. level. Statistically signi\ufb01 cant variation between the lowest and the highest levels at newborns constituted + 41,8 pg\/ml,and at 6-12 months old -+ 52,8 pg\/ml. BDNF had maximal values in 72,2% of children from sbl.II by the age of 12 months, in 24,8% – average levels, and 4% – minimal levels (see tab.2). Thus, in 24,8% of children (sbl.II) appeared a risk of retention of nrps and mt development, in 4% of cases it was important. We appreciated an average and severe retention of nrps and mt development at children from this lot. The level of nrps and mt development of children from sbl.II was evaluated in conformity to the scale: 4 (54%), 3 (42%) and 2 (4%) pts.The a\ufb00ectation level of nrps and mt abilities in sbl.II was: mild (27%), average (15%) and severe (4%). Following the comparative analyze,a statistically signi\ufb01cant variation between the average BDNF levels was established (p<0,05) at children from sbl.II, that presented afterwards neurologic disorders, and ctrl.gr. Neuropsychical and motor disorders were minor at children form sbl.II with higher levels of BDNF in serum. Likewise, we observed at these children a rapid remission of NSG and EEG anomalies that indicates a favorable evolution of neurodevelopment. Severe and average grade neurologic syndromes developed at children with minimal levels of BDNF, by the age of 1 year old. NSG and EEG anomalies persisted in evolution.<\/p>\n Thus, it was established that BDNF level will have a higher positive trend by the age of 12 months at children from sbl.I and II in comparison to ctrl.gr.This explains that BDNF has neuroprotective function, through acceleration of myelinisation, reorganization and setup of cerebral tissue neurons in injuries induced by hypoxi-ischemia. Or, the mechanisms of neuroregeneration are more developed at children with neurological problems.<\/p>\n Average level of BDNF was lower in sbl.III in comparison to ctrl.gr, variations were between 724,7 pg\/ml (at n.b.) and 788,9 pg\/ml (between 6-12 months);minimal level 661,2 pg\/ml (at n.b.) and maximum of 743,6 pg\/ml (between 6-12 months). Th reshold in sbl.III constituted p<0,1 (see tab.2). BDNF had had a 8,1% growth by the age of 1 in this sub lot in comparison to n.b, being 223 pg\/ml (22,03%) lower than the assessed level in ctrl.gr. Statistical variation between the minimal and the maximal levels constituted + 63,5 pg\/ml in n.b, and + 54.7pg\/ml at 6-12 month oldchildren. By the age of 12 months the BDNF level presented maximal values at 40% of children from sbl.III. 60% of children of this sub lot had a high risk of development of nrps and mt retard. Nrps and mt disabilities were diagnosed in 78%, 48% of whom weresevere. The level of nrps and mt development in this sub lot was appreciated in conformity to the scale: 3 (24%), 2 (52%) and 1 (24%) points. The biggest part of children from this sub lot presented important neurologic after e\ufb00ects by the age of 12 months old.Very low levels of BDNF were observed at children with severe mt retard and epileptic seizures. At the age of n.b., BDNF (lower than 790 pg\/ml) could be a marker of development of nrps and mt retard in children.We established an important statistical variation between the average levels of BDNF of children from sbl.III, with severe neurologic after e\ufb00ects, and those from ctrl.gr (p<0.1). Nrps and mt disabilities were severe in children with minimal levels of BDNF.<\/p>\n Previously, it was con\ufb01rmed that BDNF protects cerebral tissue from destruction. It is said in one of studies: \u201cOne of the premises regarding the mechanism of neuroregeneration evoked by an injury consists in the fact that injured cells induce the liberation of neurotrophic factors to stimulate the neurogenesis.<\/p>\n Extracellular purinic nucleotides exercise multiple neurotrophic actions in CNS being mediated through activation of purinergic receptors and mediate the liberation of neurotrophic factors to encourage the regeneration of injured olfactory epithelium\u201d [20]. But,probably, neurotrophic processes decompensate and cortical neurons are not protected any more when BDNF levels are very low. In this case, low level of neurotrophic factors is not su\ufb03cient to maintain the neurotrophicity and the neuroregeneration. The brain adaptability is diminished. In this case, there is a probability that BDNF concentrates maximally in injured cortical areas, where structural and functional reorganization of white and grey substances takes place.Thus, at children with hypoxi-ischemia, destructive processes prevail on those of neuroregeneration. It is obvious that modi\ufb01cations of cerebral tissue in PHIE gr.I and II (partial) are functional and short termed.But, in PHIE gr.II (4%) and III the modi\ufb01 cations are structural and long termed.<\/p>\n Low levels of BDNF were frequently appreciated (authentic statistical data) at children with severe forms of PHIE that are often associated with disorders of conscience, convulsive manifestations,disturbances of muscular and re\ufb02 ex tonus. Likewise,low levels of BDNF were identi\ufb01ed in n.b. presenting pathologic EEG patterns (a marked decrease of wave amplitude and frequency) and with neuro-imagistic data attributed to cerebral hypoxi-ischemia (increase of ecogenity of cerebral tissue, edema, stasis, ischemia in neural tissue). Low values of BDNF con\ufb01 rm the presence of severe injuries of cerebral tissue by the age of 12 months. It is known that BDNF manages processes of neurogenesis, when BDNF decreases the latest decompensate. The present study con\ufb01 rms that BDNF is an important marker of destructive lesional su\ufb00erance of cerebral tissue.Thus, BDNF level would be di\ufb00erent according to the degree of a\ufb00 ectation of cerebral tissue in hypoxic-ischemic injuries. This one increases signi\ufb01cantly, but in di\ufb00 erent proportion, bythe end of the \ufb01rst year of life. BDNF level in children from st.lt remains decreased in comparison to those from ctrl.gr. Very low levels are preserved at children with severe mt. de\ufb01cit and at those with recurring epileptic seizures. It is possible that the retention of synthesis of neurotrophic factors could be one of the most important causes that stops the nervous cell maturation processes at children with PHIE. Likewise, low BDNF level (lower than 790 pg\/ml) has a predictive value for the nrps and mt retard at children with severe PHIE. Decreased BDNF level associated with an aspect of anomalies and diminished voltage of EEG waves is an unfavorable prognostic indicator.<\/p>\n We made the comparative analyze of low BDNF levels in sbl.I, II and III. It shows that the probability of decreased BDNF level constitutes 23,34% at children from sbl.II and 85,4% at those from sbl.III in comparison to sbl.I (3,42%). The probability of decreased BDNF level is high in sbl.III, especially at children with severe neurologic disorders. Synthesis and secretion of BDNF decreases seriously at children with severe hypoxic-ischemic injuries. Because of low BDNF level neuroprotective and neuroregenerative processes are inhibited. A series of anomalies of neurotrophic factors may accompany the hypoxic-ischemic aggression. This contributes to stoppage of nervous \ufb01ber maturation and to development of severe neurologic after effects. The probability of development of neurologic after e\ufb00ects in PHIE-II is lower. Probably, the processes of neuroprotection in these children are compensated by the acceleration of neurotrophic factors\u2019 synthesis. In this case, BDNF is maximally concentrated in a\ufb00 ected cerebral areas where it participates intensely to the processes of neuroregeneration and re-modulation. It is con\ufb01 rmed, in multiple studies, that 2 hours after ischemia an increase of BDNF imunointeractive cells is observed in cingular gyrus and frontal cortex except for injured area [21]. It is possible that there exists an inferior limit of BDNF level and under this limit the processes of neuroregeneration and neuroregulation are irreversible. Or, high BDNF level protects the brain from destruction, sustains the survival and di\ufb00 erentiation of neurons, increases neural cell\u2019s resistance to injuries induced by ischemia.Thus, we established a good correlation between neurologic after effects of PHIE and concentration of BDNF in blood. Therefore, it is the case to administrate exogenous neurotrophic factors before the apparition of cerebral lesional changes, that is to say in the \ufb01rst minutes or hours following the apparition of cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injuries.<\/p>\n Discussions:\u00a0<\/strong>Etiological factors, which may conduct to a\ufb00ectation of nervous system of fetus and n.b,may in\ufb02uence during intrauterine, intranatal and neonatal periods [23, 31, 32]. Lesional structure of the brain of n.b. changes considerably in dependence on gestational age.The consequences of perinatal pathology determine the base neurological disorders of veryyoung children, thus occupying the \ufb01 rst place among cerebral pathologies [24].<\/p>\n Neonatal encephalopathy is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by dysfunctional symptoms of CNS in term or under term n.b. (> 36 weeks of gestation). Children with neonatal encephalopathy may be exposed to abnormalities of conscience level,convulsions, re\ufb02ex abnormalities, apnea, and alimentation di\ufb03culties [23]. Neonate encephalopathy may be the result of a variety of conditions and often remains inexplicable. Responsible of these are asphyxia and PHIE. Cerebral injury causes neurological deterioration in n.b., who cannot be understood often.Neonate encephalopathy\u2019s pathogenesis is discussedeverywhere [20, 23, 31]. Neonate encephalopathy causes neurological deterioration in n.b., that leads very often to cerebral palsy (CP), a heavy burden for family and society [3, 4, 23].<\/p>\n Encephalopathic n.b. may have an abnormal state of conscience (ex: hyper-alerted, irritable, lethargic,obtuse), with respiratory and alimentation di\ufb03culties, reduced tonus or convulsive activity. Often, these newborns present a low Apgar score and a weak or absent cry [23]. An important part of these symptoms were observed at children from study sublots.<\/p>\n The lesion of CNS of the child would have as consequences the nrps and mt retard [3, 4, 31]. Injuries in immature period have a di\ufb00erent pattern from those in adults (while immature, the a\ufb00ected zone would be symptomatically nonfunctional), especially in children with neurologic pathologies [23]. Thus, it is veryimportant to know the main re\ufb02 exes regarding nrps development of the child at di\ufb00erent ages. A scale of evaluation of nrps and mt developmental level of children was elaborated in study lot.<\/p>\n The diagnose of neonatal encephalopathy imposes the research of potential etiologies. An evident and histological examination of placenta and cordon could deliver evidences of possible causes like vascular or infectious lesion of placenta, or thromboses of cordon [23]. A detailed maternal and familial history is recommended, including history of thromboembolic disorders, anterior losses of pregnancy, maternal infections or drug abuse. Sampling is done to determine arterial pH and base de\ufb01cit of cordon.The presence of oliguria, cardiomiopathy, of abnormal function of the lung may suggest a global hypoxico-ischemic event [23, 31].<\/p>\n Neuroimagery has become more important in the evaluation of neonatal encephalopathy and can deliver information concerning the type and the synchronization of cerebral injuries [4, 23]. For example, several patterns of cerebral injuries were observed at in term and premature n.b, who are considered to be with typical hypoxic-ischemic injuries, bat not in all the cases with hypoxic-ischemic a\ufb00ection. TC is responsible for doubtless diagnosis in precocious terms [23].<\/p>\n The brain of small child is an object of study. CNS a\ufb00ection would mark the retard in nrps development.The most favorable condition in neurological pathology is to speed up the maturation of nervous \ufb01 bers at children with neurologic pathologies, in order to prevent CP, whose de\ufb01ciencies are evident by the complete maturation of CNS structures. The appreciation of peculiarities of neuroontogenesis in children that su\ufb00ered from perinatal hypoxic-ischemic cerebral lesion is possible due to nowadays achievements in neurochemistry, related to researches of neurotrophic factors (BDNF, FCNT etc.) [8, 14, 17, 18, 21, 26, 28,29].<\/p>\n The consequences of cerebral perinatal a\ufb00 ection,in most of cases, would be determined by a precocious diagnosis of cerebral injuries and the e\ufb03 ciency of the treatment in the period of intensive maturation and development [23, 31].<\/p>\n Neurotrophic factors of the brain could be veryimportant in pathogenesis of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injuries. Experimental studies have shown that these factors play an important role during the ontogenetic development, in survival maintenance and the di\ufb00erentiation of neurons [1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 21].Especially important are the results of researches on animals that proved that neurotrophic factors have therapeutic neuroprotective e\ufb00ects in numerous pathologic conditions of the brain [21].<\/p>\n BDNF initially was described as neurotrophic factor wiThe\ufb00ects of promotion of survival of sensitive neurons from spinal ganglions. Later it was observed that BDNF in\ufb02uences on every classes of sensitive neurons, promotes di\ufb00 erentiation of motoneurons in vitro and protects these cells from apoptosis and from death induced by axotomy in n.b animals [21].<\/p>\n BDNF is the most prevailing neurotrophin in brain. BDNF\u2019s RNA messenger was identi\ufb01 ed in various structures of the rat brain [3]. Th us, the treatment with kainat (an excitatory aminoacide, aromatic analog on glutamic acide) determined an intense presence of BDNF in pyramidal cells of di\ufb00 erent cerebral structures, a strong argument in favor of neurotrophic role of BDNF in maintaining neurons and synapses in adult animals [3, 21]. In several studies they inves-tigated the role of BDNF in maintaining the survival and the di\ufb00erentiation of cholinergic neurons of basal and anterior region of anterior brain [7, 21, 22].<\/p>\n Several groups of studies proved that cerebral intra-ventricular infusion with BDNF at rats and monkeys can prevent the atrophy and the loss of phenotypic markers of septal cholinergic neurons, resulting after axotomy [21].<\/p>\n Multiple studies demonstrated the neuroprotective role of BDNF in cerebral ischemia. Th us, Arai and co. [1] con\ufb01rmed that the intensi\ufb01 cation of BDNF\u2019s presence and his receptors is produced in areas beyond infarct. Another study notes that one of the premises concerning neuroregenerative mechanism launched by the lesion consists in the fact that injured cells liberate neurotrophic factors to stimulate neurogenesis [21]. A more recent study argues that assessed BDNF\u2019s levels are correlated, at least partially, with the resistance of cells face to injuries induced by ischemia, and are in correspondence with the existence of neurotrophic role of BDNF [5].\u00a0Likewise,the same author con\ufb01rms that 2 hours after ischemia they observed an important increase of the number of immunoreactive cells to BDNF in Cingular gyrus and frontal cortex beyond injured area. In animals with cortical lesions they observed a disappearance of immunoreactive cells to BDNF in striatum in 2-24h,while animals with injured striatum didn\u2019t present that modi\ufb01cation. After 2-24h they observed strongly immunoreactive \ufb01bers along myelinated fascicles situated medially to striatum, in anterior commeasure and in corpus callosum ipsilateral to OACM. BDNF levels went to 133-213% after 2h in cingular gyrus and frontal cortex, and diminished to 40% after 24h in striatum. Thus, they noted the augmentation on BDNF protein 2h after ischemia. The diminution of BDNF after 24h suggests a pronounced liberation or anterograde axonal transport in postischemic phase.BDNF modi\ufb01cation after focal ischemia has a role in survival of cortical and striatum neurons [5].<\/p>\n BDNF infusion had been e\ufb00ectuated beginning with not long after the occlusion of middle cerebral artery (in rats) and had been continued for 24h, and after they assessed infarct\u2019s volume, in comparison to witness group to which they infused only vehicle. A 33% diminution of infarct was noted [33].<\/p>\n Other studies on animals noted that BDNF has an e\ufb00ect of contraction on neural lesions determined by asphyxia [17]. In hypoxic-ischemic lesion, BDNF has di\ufb00 erent e\ufb00ects on the brain in development (n.b), in comparison to the adult one. A single intraventricular injection of BDNF determines a vigorous phosphorilation of Trk receptors (responsible for BDNF) in multiple regions of rats brain starting from the 7th postnatal day. Thus, BDNF protects the rat\u2019s brain from hypoxic-ischemic lesions from the 7th postnatal day. BDNF protects 90% of nervous tissue from loss of neurons caused by ischemic hypoxia, if it\u2019s administrated before hypoxi-ischimia, and 50% if it\u2019s administrated after infarct. BDNF represents a potential treatment of asphyxia and other acute perinatal lesions [8].<\/p>\n Likewise, recent studies con\ufb01rm that transitory ischemia intensi\ufb01ed the expression of BDNF gene both in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Th at was mediated through receptors of glutamate of NMDA and non-NMDA type [30]. Another study shows that the prevention of neural death with BDNF after cerebral ischemia is associated with the increase of expression of its speci\ufb01c receptor Trk-B [9]. BDNF is widely spread in CNS and presents in vitro trophic e\ufb00ects on diverse type of cells including cortical neurons, hippocampal neurons, cerebellum neurons etc.In vivo, BDNF rescues motoneurons, hippocampal neurons and dopaminergic cells of substantia nigra from traumatic and toxic lesions. The intraventricular pre treatment with BDNF reduced the dimension of infarct after focal cerebral ischemia. BDNF has a neuroprotective role in ischemic cerebral vascular accidents [27].<\/p>\n In our study we noted low levels of BDNF in serum of children that su\ufb00ered from perinatal hypoxicischemic lesions of II and III grades. This data has a huge value for the prognosis of delayed neurologic after effects.<\/p>\n It is written in one study: \u201cthe \ufb01nding of an e\ufb00 ective treatment of chronic neurodegenerative diseases still represents an unreachable goal, mostly because of the multiple variables speci\ufb01c to these diseases.Recently, the attention focused on the role of neurotrophic factors in etiology of these diseases because of their role of survival of di\ufb00erent cellular phenotypes under diverse adverse conditions including neurodegeneration. This article summarizes the current statute and the e\ufb00orts of treatment of neurodegenerative diseases through the administration of exogenous neurotrophic factors as a tentative to resupply the trophic store, whose insu\ufb03ciency may contribute to the development of disease. Although some promising results were observed in animal models, this alternative still faces some problems of discordance, more often, when it comes up to clinical application, probably because of unique nature of human being\u201d [10].<\/p>\n The development of nervous system is accompanied by a complicated consecutive process of commutation of sensibility to neurotrophins in certain populations of neurons. It is possible that this complicated system calls for being regulated not only at the level of signal induction (i.e. at the level of neurotrophin\u2019s production), but also at the level of perception of this signal by neurons (i.e. at the level of production of receptors for neurotrophins). An insu\ufb03 cient supply of trophic factors has a role in the development of cerebral ischemic processes.The level of neurotrophicity determines the alternative selection between genetic programs of apoptosis and antiapoptosic protection,that in\ufb02uence on necrotic and reparative mechanisms.The synthesis of trophic factors and their receptors in \ufb01rst minutes following the ischemia represents the natural protective reaction of the brain. Cerebral ischemia may not produce infarct changes for a long time because of rapid and active expression of genes through coding neurotrophins. In case of occurrence of ischemic lesions the high level of trophic factors would assure the regression of neuropsychomotor disorders up to the conservation of morphologic defect that provoked it.<\/p>\n Several experimental studies argue that the administration of an excess of neurotrophic factors protectsensible cerebral tissues.The treatment of animals with neurotrophic factors before and 90 minutes followingthe transitory ischemia reduced e\ufb00ectively the volumeand infarct area without a\ufb00ecting regional cerebralsanguine \ufb02ow in comparison to control group or thegroup with untreated animals. Thus, it appears thatneurotrophic factors exert a strong neuroprotective effect from ischemic cerebral lesions [2, 10, 12, 25].<\/p>\n An alternative explication is that bene\ufb01 c BDNF e\ufb00ects are due to amelioration of exitotoxicity [21,31]. The antagonists of glutamate receptors reduce the volume of infarct [19, 21, 25].<\/p>\n BDNF may exert his neuroprotective e\ufb00 ect in ischemia through other mechanisms, like: toxicity of nitric oxide.There exist solid proofs that the inhibition of enzyme responsible for synthesis of neural nitric oxide reduces the volume of infarct [21].Th us,BDNF inhibits this enzyme and maintains the survival of neurons after avulsion of ventral root [22]. There also exists the possibility that BDNF increases the local sanguine \ufb02ow. Although, the hemodynamic effects of BDNF have not been investigated [21]. Nevertheless,it\u2019s obvious that BDNF has marked therapeutic effects in cerebral infarct [11].<\/p>\n There were studies on rats concerning the e\ufb03ciency of growth factors in recuperation of neurologic de\ufb01ciencies after cerebral infarcts. In this case, growth factors were administrated several days after the occurrence of ischemia. In these studies, they didn\u2019t have the intention to reduce the infarct volume but to intensify neurologic retrieval. In rats, there exist certain proofs that focal cerebral infarction is followed byneuronal budding and formation of new synapses in neighborhood of the infarct, in the same hemisphere and in homolog regions from collateral hemisphere [11, 16, 33].<\/p>\n This budding and formation of new synapses may represent a neurologic retrieval mechanism after focal infarction [21].<\/p>\n These observations have led to the hypothesis that the administration of exogenous growth factors, that intensify the budding of axons and dendrites, could intensify the functional retrieval after cerebral ischemia [21].<\/p>\n Neuronal plasticity represents an adaptability of nervous system to diverse lesions trough the structural and functional reorganization in white and grey matter [7, 15, 21].<\/p>\n The potential to facilitate the neurologic recoverythrough manipulation of biologic adaptability of brain and spinal cord has become an obvious fact in clinic practice. The most favorable condition is: utilization of all means of reduction of handicapping conditions and rendering of optimal integration possibilities in society to people with disabilities [7]. In order to optimize the process of recovery it is important to apply techniques of stimulation of neuroplasticity.<\/p>\n Growth factors represent a citoprotective treatment to limit the expansion of infarct\u2019s volume if they are administered in the \ufb01rst hours following the accident, and facilitate the functional recovery if they are administered in the \ufb01rst month after the accident [21].<\/p>\n Number of studies on models with animals suffering from cerebral hypoxia and\/or ischemia con\ufb01rms the neuroprotective and neuromodulator role of Cerebrolysine in treatment of cerebral ischemia.Cerebrolysine has certain e\ufb00ect on di\ufb00 erent species of animals: diminishes the mortality induced by cerebral ischemia to 50% [27]; prevents the formation of citotoxic edema [27]; protects pyramidal cells from ischemia induced lesions [28]; prevents the formation of free radicals during reperfusion after cerebral ischemia [28]; diminishes essentially the concentration of lactate in brain hereby suggesting a protective e\ufb00 ect during hypoxic-ischemic episodes [21]; assures the survival and promotes the di\ufb00 erentiation of neurons in the same way as natural neurotrophic factors [21];it has a dose-dependent e\ufb00ect preventing the death of neurons induced by high concentrations of glutamate [12]; the treatment with Cerebrolysine determines a statistically important amelioration at the Barolin Scale of Neurorehabilitation in the \ufb01rst 7 days. This \ufb01nding is extremely important because of the introduction of \u201ctherapeutic window\u201d in the treatment of cerebral hypoxi-ischemia [21].<\/p>\n Thus, administered neurotrophic remedies would contribute to recovery of nrps and mt acquisitions at children with neurologic problems. Neurotrophins are the remedies which would be successful in this area.<\/p>\n BDNF has a protective role in cerebral lesions induces by hypoxi-ischemia. It is a neurotrophin with important qualities of encouraging of growth, processes of myelinisation, reorganization and restructuration of cerebral tissue neurons. The mechanisms of neuroregeneration are more developed in children with neurologic problems. One of the premises concerning the neuroregenerative mechanism evoked bylesion consists in the fact that injured cells induce the liberation of neurotrophic factors to stimulate neurogenesis. We have studied the e\ufb00ects of BDNF on CNS neurons. We suggest that BDNF encourages axonal survival and regeneration, the maturation and maintenance of CNS neurons, when the latest are affected by hypoxi-ischemia. The high level of BDNF protects the brain from destruction, upholds the survival and di\ufb00erentiation of neurons. Di\ufb00 erent-grade motor and neuropsychical disabilities would correlate with low BDNF levels in serum, lower than 720 pg\/ml, and that represents a marker of retard in nrps and mt development of children with hypoxic-ischemic lesions of the CNS. Neurotrophic processes decompensate and cortical neurons are not protected from destruction when BDNF levels are very low. In this case, the low level of neurotrophic factor is not su\ufb03cient to maintain the processes of neurotrophicity and neuroregeneration. Thus, the processes of destruction prevail on those of neuroregeneration in children with advanced grade of hypoxi-ischemia. The research of an e\ufb03cient therapy curing perinatal hypoxic-ischemic lesion of the CNS still remains an unreachable goal,mostly because of the variety of PHIE clinical symptoms. The administration of exogenous neurotrophicfactors before the apparition of modi\ufb01 cations inducedby cerebral lesions, during the \ufb01rst minutes or hoursfollowing the apparition of cerebral hypoxic-ischemicinjury could ameliorate the neurologic after effects anddiminish the motor and neuropsychical handicap.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\nMATERIALS AND RESEARCH\u00a0METHODS<\/h2>\n
\n\u2013 nr. 15); 1 \u2013 3 months (nr. 46) with disorders of muscletonus (DMT) and npp (gr. I \/ sbl.I – nr. 16, gr. II \/ sbl.II – nr. 15, gr. III \/ sbl.III – nr. 15); 3 \u2013 6 months (nr.45) with DMT and npp (gr. I \/ sbl.I – nr. 15, gr. II \/ sbl.II – nr. 15, gr. III \/ sbl.III – nr. 15); 6 \u2013 12 months (nr.45) with DMT and npp (gr. I \/ sbl.I – nr. 15, gr. II \/ sbl.II – nr. 15, gr. III \/ sbl.III – nr. 15). Children aged 112 months (recovery period) presented DMT and nppas consequences of PHIE. 60 healthy children formedthe control lot (control group \u2013 ctrl.gr.).<\/p>\n
\n\u2013 1 pt.The goal of this evaluation was to highlight the alerting neurological signs, level of maturation of the CNS and the risks of development of neurological after-e\ufb00ects in children that had su\ufb00ered from PHIE.<\/p>\n
\nTable 1. PHIE symptoms in acute period at children from st.lt<\/p>\nRESULTS<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/snpcar.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/2.01_en-2.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/snpcar.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/2.02_en-1.jpg\")
<\/p>\nCONCLUSIONS<\/h2>\n
\u00a0BIBLIOGRAPHY<\/h2>\n
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